Swine influenza manipulation program

Swine influenza treatment procedure (2009 version)

swine influenza (SwineInfluenza) is Influenza (A type) influenza virus reasoned one acute pig or human, zoonotic and respiratory infectious diseases. This disease often occurs in the pig, tiny pig led to the death (case fatality rate of 1-4% of pigs). Few swine influenza viruses of human, but also found some cases of human infection with swine influenza, most have had direct contact with pigs of people. In March 2009, Mexico and the United States have occurred swine influenza virus type A influenza virus, H1N1 subtype swine influenza virus strain, the strain contains the swine flu, bird flu and human influenza viruses of the 3 influenza gene fragments, is a novel swine influenza viruses can infect people person. After swine flu influenza-like symptoms and early clinical, fever, cough, fatigue, wastage of appetite, diarrhea or vomiting can also be other symptoms. The disease can progress rapidly, a sudden high fever,GHD MK4 Pure Straighteners, pneumonia, severe respiratory failure can occur, multiple organ damage, leading to death.

one, etiology

swine influenza viruses belong to Orthomyxoviridae virus family (0rthomyxoviridae), influenza virus, (Influenza virusA). Typical virus motes were spherical with a diameter of 80 nm ~ 120nm, with envelope. There are many layer sac protruding radially sorted glycoprotein, hemagglutinin, respectively HA, NA neuraminidase and M2 proteins. Virus particles among the nucleocapsid, spiral symmetry, a diameter of 10nm. Swine influenza virus is a unattached stranded negative-strand RNA virus genome of approximately 13.6kb, ranging from the size of the 8 neutral fragments. Although it can be formed among different subtypes of influenza viruses from serotypes, but can cause human infection with swine influenza virus serotypes are H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2.

swine influenza virus is enveloped virus, so the ether, chloroform, acetone and other organic solvents are sensitive, 200mL / L ethyl ether at 4 ℃ overnight, infectious virus was destroyed; of oxidant, halogen compounds, cumbersome metals , ethanol and formaldehyde were also sensitive, 10 g / L potassium permanganate, 1 mL / L mercuric chloride treatment 3min, 750 mL / L ethanol, 5min, 1 mL / L iodine 5min, 1 mL / L hydrochloric acid 3min and 1mL / L formaldehyde 30min, can be inactivated swine influenza virus. Swine influenza virus is sensitive to heat, 56 ℃ condition, 30min inactivated; UV-sensitive, but with UV-inactivated virus of swine influenza virus can cause multiple resurrection.

Second, epidemiological

the United States in 1976, the so-called the same virus, the 1st period that under natural conditions, swine influenza virus can be transmitted to humans from pigs. In October 1999, Hong Kong, a 10-month-old girl infected with swine influenza virus H3N2, now entirely revived. Over the annuals, people bring offthe world infected with swine influenza virus strains of assorted reports, merely no large-scale epidemic. Recently, Mexico and the United States and other chapters of the explosion of swine flu epidemic. World Health Organization, Mexico and the United States, infections are swine influenza virus subtype H1N1, a strain of the same.

(a) the source of infection.

mainly for pigs and pigs carrying the virus, swine influenza virus were also shown to spread the virus. Animals infected with the virus can be transmitted.

(b) transmission.

primarily for respiratory tract can also be transmitted through adjoin with infected pigs or their faeces, or aerosol pollution of the context surrounding such manner of communication. Some strains such as H1N1 can be scatter from person to person, similar to its mode of transportation of influenza, usually via infected person coughing or sneezing.

(c) of the susceptible population.

generally susceptible. Most patients elderly 25 to 45 years old, currently reported to mainly juvenile adults, should pay attention to the elderly and children.

(d) high-risk groups.

in the pig industry, visited 1 week before the onset of pigs, who areas such as bargains and slaughter swine influenza virus infection and exposure to the matter for the lab staff at risk.

swine flu routinely occurs in winter and spring,GHD IV Straighteners, pigs infected with swine flu generally occurs in summer and autumn.

III clinical

incubation duration is usually 1-7 days or so, likened with influenza, avian flu a long incubation period.

(a) clinical symptoms.

swine influenza in the early symptoms are alike to ordinary flu, including fever, cough, sore throat, body pains, headache, chills and fatigue, and also to diarrhea or spewing, brawn anguish or weary, ruddy eyes, etc.

some patients the disease can progress quickly, savage, a sudden high fever, body temperature over 39 ℃, and even secondary to severe pneumonia, keen respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage, pleural effusion, pancytopenia, renal failure , sepsis, impact, and Reye syndrome, respiratory failure and multiple apparatus damage, guiding to decease.

(B) signs.

often not obvious pulmonary signs, some patients could be heard and rainy rales or signs of pulmonary consolidation and so on.

(c) prognosis.

prognosis of person infection with swine influenza virus subtype infection related to most of the nice prediction; infected with H1N1 meager prognosis, mortality is almost 6%.

(d) laboratory tests.

1. Peripheral blood: WBC count is generally no lofty or lower. More critically ill patients have decreased leukocytes and lymphocytes, and platelets;

2. Serological diagnosis: using oblique ELISA, antigen capture ELISA, fluorescence immunoassay, etc.;

3. reverse transcription - polymerase fetter response (RT-PCR): As the PCR technique namely uncomplicated, fast, perceptive, specific, etc., have been accustom because the detection of swine influenza virus genetic and molecular epidemiological investigation;

4. virus isolation: specimens from patients with respiratory tract (throat, mouth rinse,GHD MK4 Kiss Straighteners, nasopharyngeal or tracheal aspirate, sputum or lung tissue) of swine influenza virus isolated. Commonly used methods of inoculation and fowl embryo compartment civilization. Existing diagnostic methods, virus isolation method is more sensitive, but requires 2-3 weeks.

(e) chest imaging. pneumonia pulmonary

apparent when the image sheet. Severe cases, a wide scope of sheet images.

IV diagnosis of swine influenza

diagnosis of combined epidemiological history, clinical declarations and pathology exam and other clinical early detection, early diagnosis is the treatment of key.

(a) of the swine flu diagnostic criteria.

1. medical observation patients: visited swine flu epidemic, or pigs and swine influenza in patients with history of close contact, 1 week clinical manifestations of influenza. Cases were classified as medical observation, medical observation for 7 days of its (along to the disease can be isolated at home or hospital).

2. suspected cases: visited affected districts, or with the pigs and swine influenza in patients with history of close contact (also obtainable epidemiological history unknown), 1 week clinical manifestations of influenza, respiratory secretions , pharynx try son, sputum, serum H subtype HIV-positive or nucleic mordant testing positive.

3. clinical diagnosis: The diagnosis of suspected cases, and with a mutual history of exposure were confirmed cases were diagnosed.

4. confirmed cases: serum from a respiratory sample or isolated to a specific virus; RT-PCR aboard the specimens, the subsistence of swine influenza virus RNA, behind sequencing confirmed that the serum antibody titers or double four times increased human infection with swine influenza tin be analyzed.

(b) of swine influenza in the differential diagnosis.

should be noted that swine flu influenza, avian flu, the flu, pneumonia, SARS, catching mononucleosis syndrome, cytomegalovirus infection, Legionella pneumonia, Chlamydia, mycoplasma pneumonia, and other identification .

5, treatment

(a) symptomatic and supportive.

of suspected and confirmed cases should be isolated in situ treatment, emphasizing early treatment.

of human infection with swine influenza is currently mainly symptomatic and supportive treatment is comprehensive. Note that repose, more water, pay attention to nutrition, close detection of alterations; early onset of 48 hours is the best treatment for high fever, clinical symptoms, should take breast X-ray, blood gas retard.

(b) drug treatment.

1. antiviral therapy: antiviral narcotics should be applied as presently as likely,GHD Hair Straightener NZ, attempt oseltamivir (oseltamivir Tamiflu). Tamiflu is a neuraminidase inhibitor, for swine influenza virus may be curbed, dose 75mg / d, treatment 5 days, anti-children. From the United States recent swine influenza virus infection in insulated virus, oseltamivir and zanamivir (zanamivir) is a sensitive, resistant to amantadine and rimantadine.

2. Antibiotics: In circumstance of bacterial infection using antibiotics.

(c) of the TCM treatment.

1. Shiv lung health.

symptoms: fever, chills, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, cough.

Governing Law: detoxification, Xuanfei thoroughly malign.

reference Recipe: Baked Ephedra, almond, gypsum,GHD Leopard Grain, Bupleurum, Scutellaria, Arctium, Notopterygium, raw licorice.

commonly used Chinese medicine: Lotus Qingwen capsule, silver yellow class readiness, SHL spoken preparations.

2. drug dealers lung and tolerate.

symptoms: fever, or chills, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, pate and body, muscle aches.

Governing Law: detoxification, and the dampness.

reference Recipe: puerarin, baicalin, berberine, herb, Agastache rugosa, Jiang Ban Xia, wise, Magnolia.

commonly used Chinese medicine: Gegenqinlian pellets, Huoxiangzhengqi preparations.

3. toxin obstruct the gas affair.

symptoms: fever, cough, chest tightness, suffocation, breathlessness and shortness of respiration, irritability, coma and delirium worse.

Governing Law: clear atmosphere cool camp.

reference Recipe: Baked Ephedra, almond, Trichosanthes, rhubarb, gypsum, red peony, buffalo loudspeaker.

Angongniuhuang and can be used while required Tanreqing, Xuebijing, Qing Kai Ling, XNJI and so on.

six prevention

(a) 控制传染源.

to carry out human and swine influenza surveillance. Once pigs or other animals infected with swine influenza virus, should be in accordance with

(b) slit off the communication through.

found in pigs on farms, had a stall selling meat disease, the patient unit and family for disinfection along App and other waste should be quickly destroyed or buried in situ; patients acknowledged to outpatient and defense along the avian flu, SARS standard good isolation disinfection; specimens of unexplained pneumonia cases in agreement with the requirements of boating and handling.

(c) defend the health of populations.

develop good private hygiene, adequate nap, hard training, reducing accent, adequate nourishment; avoid contact with flu-like symptoms (fever, cough, runny proboscis, etc.) or pneumonia and other respiratory patients; consideration to private hygiene , bathe your hands often with soap and water, particularly after coughing or sneezing; avoid contact with pigs or pig to have a place; avoid working to mobbed places; when coughing or sneezing, cover mouth and snout with a tissue, periodical towels and then thrown into the trash ; such as flu-like symptoms appearance (fever, cough, runny nose, etc.), should immediately seek medical treatment (medical treatment should be wearing a mask) to the regional public health agencies and description of inspection and quarantine departments.

(d) strengthen the hospital infection control measures.

for patients with suspected alternatively accustomed patients in separation and dress a surgical disguise; remedial staff apt do private protection, strengthen the hand hygiene,GHD Red Straighteners, use of hand disinfectants for rapid hand disinfection; fever clinics and Infectious Diseases and other opener divisions Medical workers should wear a surgical disguise, if I were you, wear protective goggles alternatively masks; of fever clinics and Infectious Diseases and other key departments should promote inner ventilation.

swine flu vaccine: currently merely used for swine swine flu vaccine, there is no devoted human. The current location, the ordinary human flu vaccine in the hindrance of swine influenza is no manifest achieve.