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domestic credit expansion (E5)<br />Growth of the money supply, adjusted by the deficit or surplus on the BALANCE oF PAYMENrs current and capital accounts. It consists of the PUBLIC SECTOR BORROWING REQUIREMENr less net sales of public sector debt to the non-bank private sector and bank lending to the private and overseas sectors. The reasoning behind this measure is that a balance of payments deficit leads to a reduction in the expansion of the domestic money stock through excess spending overseas. Conversely, a money supply expands with a balance of payments surplus, increasing foreign currency reserves. This measure was intended to produce a monetary aggregate suitable for open economies. It was first used in the UK in 1968 when it was monetary target popular with the INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.<br /><em>See also:</em> monetarism; money supply
ex ante variables (EO)<br />Measures of what is planned or intended, e.g. intended investment. These have been USed since the STOCKHOLM SCHOOL and Keynesians started modern macroeconomics; increasingly ex ante measures have been used to estimate EXPECTATIONs. In practice, surveys of business enterprises are used to ascertain intended levels of production, investment and employment.<br /><em>See also:</em> ex post variables
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public good (H4)<br />A commodity or service which is available to everyone in a particular catchment area, cannot be withheld from non-payers and is 'non-rival', i.e. one person's consumption does not diminish that of others. The main examples are national defence, sewerage, street lighting, lighthouses, public health measures such as mass vaccination, and scientific research. As individuals cannot be charged according to consumption for goods and services collectively provided, it is usual to finance their production by taxation. Although the provision of public goods was small until the twentieth century, writers as early as PETTY, SMITH and John Stuart MILL argued for their existence. It is not always easy to distinguish between a public and a private good as some private goods gratuitously benefit third parties, e.g. maintaining a garden in a beautiful condition confers pleasure on many people in the vicinity.<br /><em>See also:</em> club good; local public good; mixed good; private good
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