” Li said. “By supporting them

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“New measures and investment should target stabilizing the employment and living conditions of migrant workers in urban areas in the long run,” said Li Tie, a senior official with the National Development and Reform Commission, China’s chief government planner.

But the training initiative got off to a slow start. Most villagers who spoke with Caijing in Henan did not know about the vocational training policies announced by the central government, nor did they know where training could be found.
A December survey on Chongqing migrant returnees by the local Labor and Social Insurance Administration found 95 percent had studied no higher than high school and less than 5 percent received vocational training. Most had manufacturing jobs at factories producing appliances, clothing, toys, shoes and other goods.







Some light can be shed with data from Beijing and Shanghai. In 2004, migrant workers in each city contributed about one-third of local GDP, according to the Analysis and Forecast of the Economic Situation of Chinese Farmers 2008,louboutin pas cher, authored by the Rural Development Institute of the Academy of Social Sciences and the State Statistics Bureau. It also said migrants contributed 11 percent to the GDP in Jiangsu Province and 17 percent in Zhejiang Province.


In Henan’s agricultural Taikang County, more than 50 percent of the rural workers are categorized as “surplus labor.” The country’s exported-oriented industrial boom was absorbing this surplus before the recession hit.
Zhang Hongyu, head of the Department of Policies and Regulations at the Ministry of Agriculture,adidas foot, said unemployment among migrant workers was not only a result of the global financial crisis but also a tied to the failure of local governments to support migrant workers with education, healthcare, social security and welfare services.
Many experts say the hukou system should be reformed to integrate migrant workers into urban social networks.

“I can’t imagine that the 4 trillion yuan stimulus package will be used to build only railways and mega-infrastructure projects without bolstering this creative group of people, the migrant laborers,” Li said. “By supporting them, we will be able to stimulate the economy and stabilize jobs.”








The migrant worker paradox is closely tied to farming in China. But farmers are threatened by structural reforms,polo ralph lauren, innovation and new technology. The Ministry of Agriculture estimates that every 1 percentage point of agricultural productivity growth will result in 3 million farming jobs losses.



Related Articles: A Precarious Festival for China’s Migrants


Analysts say the first migrants let go tend to be those less educated with few skills. So in the face of pessimistic economic forecasts, authorities in some labor-exporting regions have their eyes on job training as a solution. The central government is also expected to increase financial support this year for rural vocational training,chaussure louboutin, targeting opportunities for migrants in particular.




Perhaps a part-time job, help from a friend or a little savings will be enough for many young adults who decide to continue as migrant workers in 2009, at least for awhile. They’ll enjoy Spring Festival with their families, but ultimately return to China’s cities and factory towns in search of livelihoods.
At a vocational training school in Chonqing’s Kaixian County, only one in four teachers earned a certificate in a science or technology field. Training programs for jobs in machinery and electronics are in high demand, but the school lacks equipment and internships.







Part One: In Search of a Livelihood

In Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, the government issued training vouchers to rural workers and unemployed college graduates. But outside the city,chaussure louboutin pas cher, training is hard to find.

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Despite their contribution to the prosperity from China’s urban boom and industrialization, migrant workers have yet to fully benefit. This fact is being increasingly recognized by urban authorities, who acknowledge they’ve paid too little attention to the needs of migrant workers in areas such as urban planning, housing, community management and public services.



Currently, rural migrants stand little chance of obtaining an urban hukou. But a generation of rural Chinese born since the 1970s tends to identify with urban life, and many have no farming experience, said Cui Chuanyi,ralph lauren pas cher, a research fellow at the State Council’s Development Research Center.
Therefore it can’t be assumed that all or even most of jobless migrants returning home for Spring Festival will stay in the countryside, said Zhao Shukai, deputy secretary-general of the China Development Research Foundation.





Liu Peiming, director of the Kaixian Labor Office, told Caijing teacher qualifications will improve and more training will be provided for jobs urgently needed,franklin and marshall, such as welding, in 2009.





The central government’s 4 trillion yuan economic stimulus package,polo ralph lauren pas cher, announced last fall, may be combined with steps aimed at changing the hukou regime.





Part Two: Incomes Levels Tumble




A key issue is the hukou system. A hukou is an identification card issued by a person’s hometown. It determines access to public services, and bars migrant workers from opportunities available to natives of the communities where they toil. A hukou determines where a child can be educated and a retiree’s pension.
But it’s unclear how much training will be needed. One reason is that the current employment tracking system used by city and county governments fails to paint a true picture; migrant labor is not included in the statistics.
The migrant worker paradox is closely tied to farming in China. But farmers are threatened by structural reforms, innovation and new technology.


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