nitrous oxide (Nitrous Oxide), also known as laughing gas, a colorless gas with a sweet taste, is an oxidant, chemical formula N2O, under certain conditions, to support combustion (with oxygen, because the decomposition of nitrous oxide at high temperature into nitrogen and oxygen), but stable at room temperature, a slight narcotic effect and can cause people to laugh. The narcotic effect in 1799 by the British chemist 汉弗莱戴维 found. The theory that N2O and CO2 molecules with similar structure (including electronic), its spatial configuration is linear, N2O is a polar molecule. August 2009, the United States to a new study shows that this colorless gas with a sweet taste has become the first human emissions of ozone-depleting substances. Now mainly used for performances.
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Basic Information About the nature of medical and chemical properties of Applied Physics Preparation method of emergency treatment and disposal principles of diagnostic elements nitrogen effects of speed management information system environment toxicology principles of emergency medical diagnostic criteria state monitoring method Preparation of ozone-depleting
standard formula
Introduction to Early nitrous oxide anesthesia was used for dental surgery, is the earliest human anesthetic applied to the medical one. It can be hot conditions in micro NH4NO3 decomposition of the product but also have an addition to N2O, the chemical equation for this reaction) NH4NO3 ==== N2O ↑ +2 H2O; and other electronic body theory that N2O and CO2 molecules with similar structure ( including electronic), its spatial configuration is linear, N2O is a polar molecule. Basic Information Chinese Name: nitrous oxide. English name: Dinitrogen oxide; Laughing gas. Synonyms: nitrous oxide; nitrous oxide. CAS No. :10028-97-2. Molecular formula: N2O. Molecular weight: 44.01. Hazard markers: 5 (flammable gases). Packing method: steel cylinders. 【Alias】 medical applications of nitrous oxide, nitrous oxide,
N2O the Lewis electronic
with the second nitric acid anhydride
bond
】 【molecular structure of a nitrous oxide molecule is linear molecules, polar molecules. N2O molecule is linear in the (NNO), N, O atoms take sp hybridization, generated the two σ bonds and two three-center four-electron π bond, N +1 oxidation number. 【English name】 Nitrous Oxide Spain Name: Oxido Nitroso】 【medical indications for general anesthesia, poor results in frequent and halothane, methoxy halothane, ether, or intravenous anesthetic agents. Has been seldom used. Nitrous oxide (N2O) used for anesthesia, no stimulation of the respiratory tract, the heart, lung, liver, kidney and other vital organs function without damage. In the body without any conversion or degradation of biological, most still with the original drug excreted breath, only a small amount of evaporation from the skin, no accumulation effect. Inhaled 30s ~ 40s that only analgesic effect, analgesic effect of strong and weak narcotic effects, by patients who are awake (not anesthesia), general anesthesia to avoid the complications and rapid recovery. 【Usage consumption】 inhaled medicine: the amount of surgery needed and the patient,
nike air force one high, as the case may be. 【Note】 a medical. Major surgery to be with thiopental and muscle relaxation agent; inhaled gas oxygen concentration should not be less than 20%; anesthesia termination, should be inhaled pure oxygen for 10 minutes, in order to prevent hypoxia. 2. When patients have low blood volume, shock or significant heart disease, can cause severe hypotension. Nitrous oxide on pulmonary vascular embolism in patients may also be harmful. Taboos (1) gas cysts (2), intestinal obstruction, flatulence (3), pneumothorax (4) Gas brain (5) high head position craniotomy Specification】 【Medical Drug Gases: Tietong loaded with pressure. 【Storage】 set pressure cylinders, stored in cool dark place. 】 【Role and use of gas inhalation pure product can quickly lead to the anesthesia and asphyxia, therefore, must be mixed with oxygen. Induction time is short. If additional maintenance dose, can be quickly regained consciousness. Can be used in horses, ruminants, dogs and cats in the maintenance of anesthesia. 【Usage and Dosage】 This product is dressed with high pressure cylinders. Anesthesia for small animals: 75% nitrous oxide mixed with 25% oxygen by face mask to give 2-3 minutes, then add halothane, nitrous oxide and oxygen to the gas mixture of 3% concentration, until the lower jaw and other signs of relaxation until the anesthesia. Physical properties of melting point -90.8 ℃ Boiling point -88.49 ℃ 36.5 ℃ critical pressure critical temperature 7.263 × 10Pa relative density of 1.977 refractive index 1.0005-7265 bar chemical properties of nitrous oxide, ammonium nitrate can generate heat or impact of nitrous oxide and water: NH4NO3 = N2O ↑ +2 H2O, industrial thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate can be obtained by purity of 95% nitrous oxide, a nitrous oxide molecule and six water molecules together. When a large number of nitrous oxide when dissolved in water, then water cooling, the old nitrous oxide crystals will appear. The crystal heating, nitrous oxide will escape. People of this nature using nitrous oxide, high purity nitrous oxide. Preparation Method Principle】 【ammonium nitrate melt at 169.5 ℃, 220 ℃ and broken down into nitrous oxide and water heating NH4NO3 == == N2O ↑ +2 H2O 【Products】 test tubes, and metal frame table, alcohol lamp, sink, set cylinders , dry ammonium nitrate powder 【Operation】 1. Properly heated in the drying device, in the 80 - 100 ℃ temperature, the ammonium nitrate to fully dry. Then ground with a dry mortar, and then in the 80 - 100 ℃ after drying temperature quickly into the bottle Lijia Se saved backup. 2. 2g taking the dry ammonium nitrate, adding dry test tube, assembled according to plans, heating (kerosene lamp, the lamp cut core, so that the flame is not too large) later. Ammonium nitrate melt into a liquid, like water after boiling, as the bubble roll. Air Act, with up to collect a row of nitrogen oxide body. 【Remarks】 1. In this study, the temperature of the heating should not be too high. Temperature is too high, it may decomposition of nitrogen, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Especially at high temperatures likely to cause an explosion. 2. Control the amount of ammonium nitrate around 2g in order to avoid an explosion. 3. I should be slightly lower than the levels in vitro. This would avoid the reaction of water with some exposure to heat, causing tube rupture. 4.2g ammonium nitrate at room temperature, atmospheric pressure can theoretically collected 610mL of nitrous oxide, but due to partial melting of ammonium nitrate with the formation of the water to go, only to the 300mL of gas collected, with one set of cylinders to be 250mL another can also use sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate anhydrous thermal decomposition of the mixture prepared! Other Preparation Methods: 1,30 HNO3 +8 Fe === 8Fe (NO3) 3 +3 N2O ↑ +15 H2O 2,4 Zn +10 HNO3 (diluted) === 4Zn (NO3) 2 + N2O ↑ +5 H2O emergency treatment and disposal Inhalation: rapidly from the scene to fresh air. Keep the airway open. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, artificial respiration. Medical treatment. Respiratory protection: general need special protection. Exposure to high concentrations can wear self-absorption filter respirators (half mask). Eye protection: general need special protection. Physical protection: wear overalls general operations. Hand protection: Wear chemical gloves. Other protection: Avoid inhalation of high concentration. Into the tank, restricted space or other high-concentration operations, someone custody. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE: rapid withdrawal of staff from air leakage supremacy wind, and isolation and strict restrictions on access. Recommended emergency personnel wearing positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, wear overalls general operations. Cut off the source of leakage as possible. Reasonable ventilation, accelerated proliferation. Leaking containers should be properly handled,
air force one low nike, repair, testing later use. Hazardous combustion products: nitrogen oxides. Fire fighting methods: This non-flammable. Firefighters are required to wear gas masks, body wear fire suits, fire in the wind. Keep the fire with water spray cooling containers. Quickly cut off the gas supply, gas supply cut off water spray protection of personnel, and then select the appropriate fire extinguishing agent fire fighting reasons. Diagnostic points 1. A transient stimulation of chest tightness, coughing, chest no positive signs, X-ray examination without exception, the symptoms usually disappear within 24 h. 2. Acute chemical bronchitis, cough, sputum, chest tightness, chest pain, may be associated with dizziness, headache, weakness, palpitations and other symptoms, chest auscultation, coarse breath sounds, may have scattered in the dry and wet sound, X ray chest films showed increased lung markings, thickening, edge blur, leukocyte count increased. Blood gas analysis in general no hypoxemia. 3. Acute chemical pneumonia increased chest tightness, increased cough, dyspnea, sputum or hemoptysis wire sputum, mild cyanosis, decreased breath sounds in both lungs, smell and dry, wet sound. X-ray showed lung field through the decrease in brightness, increased lung markings disorders, reticular shadows, or both lungs with scattered patches or spots of consolidation in the shadow, more common in the lower lung field. Blood gas analysis: low concentration of oxygen in the smoke (4. Acute pulmonary edema is often accompanied by chemical pneumonia, the disease process can be divided into three phases: (1) stimulation of symptoms and remission: If inhaled high concentrations of nitrogen oxides, can occur when the throat discomfort, accompanied by irritating cough, and even spasmodic cough caused by vomiting array. Some patients to stimulate the development of illness after, after a few hours to several hours after relief of symptoms of pulmonary edema. Remission period with dizziness, weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, insomnia, there are completely asymptomatic, and chest X-ray examination was normal. Of the duration of symptoms and the inhalation of toxic volume. (2) of pulmonary edema: a chest pain and shortness of breath and other symptoms,
nike air force one, cough, cough lemon or pink sputum. Shortness of breath, accelerated pulse, body temperature, decreased breath sounds in both lungs auscultation and rough early, after a wet sound, may be associated with slow pulse, extrasystoles appeared, sweating, skin flushing, etc., ECG shows ST segment depression, T wave flat, white blood cell count and neutrophil increase, X-ray brightness of the performance of early have lower lung field and texture through the disorder can appear late sizes, edge blur, nodular densities ranging from flocculent shadows or clouds widely scattered in both lung fields, the boundary is not very clear with the lung field. Blood gas analysis often has severe hypoxemia. If rescue is not timely, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coma, or suffocation, even death. (3) recovery: the active and effective treatment, the vast majority of cases the condition can be improved, usually in about 5 d for the basic recovery. X-ray manifestations in about a week improved symptoms of about one to two months to fully recover. 5. Delayed the performance of bronchiolitis obliterans in lung edema, and returned about two weeks, suddenly cough, chest tightness, progressive dyspnea, cyanosis evident, both lungs could be heard fine wet and dry tone or sound. X-ray showed miliary shadows covered lungs. 6. Complication early may have pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema; can occur late bronchiolitis, bronchial pneumonia, bronchiectasis, atelectasis, etc., a few can occur in patients with bronchial asthma. Principles (1) quickly and safely rescue the patient from the toxic site, the replacement of contaminated clothing, keep quiet, warm, oxygen, give symptomatic treatment,
air force one shoes, such as sedation, cough, relieve bronchospasm and maintain airway patency. (2) close observation: The close contact, the need to observe the 24 ~ 72 h, the observation period should be supine rest,
air force one low, note that condition changes, appropriate examination and symptomatic treatment. (3) to prevent and treat pulmonary edema: should be early enough to give corticosteroids. Attention to keep the airway open. Give 1% dimethyl silicone oil defoaming spirit inhalation, each about 5 min, no more than 30 min. Necessary, tracheotomy and positive pressure oxygen. (4) oxygen scavenging applications, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, Q10, β-carotene, glutathione Dengjun choose to use. (5) symptomatic treatment: such as prevention of secondary infection, to maintain water and electrolyte balance. (6) obstructive bronchiolitis sudden, as soon as possible to use a large number of adrenal cortex hormones. Accelerate the system full of nitrogen NOS NITROUS OXIDE SYSTEM, which accelerate the system of nitrogen. Developed by the United States HOLLEY products. Linear acceleration in the current world event (DRAG RACING), in order to improve the large ratio of horsepower in an instant, the use of liquid nitrogen oxide system is NOS. In fact, early in the Second World War German Air Force has begun to use the NOS, gradually after the end of the war for the straight-line acceleration event. The working principle is to NOS N2O (nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas LAUGH GAS) after high-pressure liquid into the cylinder, and then in the engine together with air as oxidizer and fuel combustion (N2O can release oxygen and nitrogen , in which oxygen is the key to combustion gases, and nitrogen can also assist in cooling), thus increasing the completeness of fuel combustion to enhance power. Because NOS provides additional oxygen for combustion, so even after installing NOS associated with a corresponding increase in the amount of fuel injection. As the saying goes NOS and turbo and supercharged by the same machine, is to increase the oxygen content in the gas mixture to improve combustion efficiency thereby increasing the power output difference is that NOS is the direct use of oxides, while the pressurized air is increased by external forces density to achieve the objective. Some people may ask why not use oxygen but with N2O it? That is because the engine is difficult to control with the stability of oxygen (high-temperature and explosive). N2O dedicated storage tank weight about 6.7kg, full of N2O in about 11kg. 1min each use according to count (NOS system experts suggest no more than every time you use the time 1min, a bottle of gas with a 3538 times or so. Xiali 2000, according to an actual upgrades, the installation of NOS 1.342L the 8A engine after The 0 ~ 100km / h acceleration time by 23%, while the power increase of the 21kw. NOS systems, preferably not more than 10S. if there is no engine to withstand more than 1min NOS jet ... ... because the prolonged use of NOS injection, serious engine wear and tear can make the walls and eventually cause commonly known as is the very low levels in the atmosphere, but the single-molecule warming potential is 310 times more carbon dioxide; the warming effect on global climate will become increasingly significant in the future, N2O concentration, has caused great concern to scientists . At present, the research on this issue, is depth. Management Information operations management: closed operation, to provide good natural ventilation. The operator must go through specialized training and strictly abide by the rules. away from fire, heat, in the workplace Smoking is strictly prohibited. away from flammable, combustible. to prevent gas leakage into the workplace air. Avoid contact with reducing agents. Handle with care disposal to prevent damage cylinders and accessories. equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire-fighting equipment and spill contingency processing equipment. stockpile management: Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. away from fire and heat. storage temperature should not exceed 30 ℃. should be easy (to) fuel material, reducing agent stored separately and avoid mixing reservoir. storage areas should be prepared leakage emergency equipment. transport management: The cylinder must be transported on the cylinder wear helmets. cylinders generally flat, and the bottle in the same direction should not be crossed; fence height shall not exceed the vehicle's plate, and use triangular wooden mat card firmly, to prevent rolling. non-combustible and flammable materials, reducing agents such as mixed, mixed transport. summer should sooner or later, transport, preventing sunlight. Railway transportation to ban Rolling. Waste management: disposal of former should refer to national and local regulations. exhaust directly into the atmosphere. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION Acute toxicity: inhalation of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic application in medicine has been a long time, now rarely used. inhalation of nitrous oxide and air mixture, when very low oxygen concentration which can cause suffocation; inhaled 80% nitrous oxide and oxygen mixture caused by deep anesthesia, recovery without sequelae after the general effect. environmental hazards: the substance of the environmental hazards, with special attention to surface water, soil, air and water pollution. Emergency medical diagnosis points 1. irritations had transient chest tightness, coughing, chest no positive signs, X-ray examination without exception, the symptoms usually disappear within 24 h 2.. Acute Chemical bronchitis, cough, sputum, chest tightness, chest pain, may be associated with dizziness, headache, weakness, palpitations and other symptoms, chest auscultation, coarse breath sounds, may have scattered in the dry and wet sound, X-ray showed increased lung markings , thickening, edge blur, total number of leukocytes increased. blood gas analysis in general no hypoxemia. 3. acute chemical pneumonia increased chest tightness, increased cough, dyspnea, sputum or hemoptysis wire sputum, mild cyanosis, respiratory lungs reduce sound, smell and dry, wet sound. X-ray showed lung field through the decrease in brightness, increased lung markings disorders, reticular shadows, or both lungs with scattered patches or spots of consolidation in the shadow, more common in the middle and lower lung fields . Blood gas analysis: the absorption of low concentrations of oxygen (period: (1) stimulation of symptoms and remission: If inhaled high concentrations of nitrogen oxides, can occur when the throat discomfort, accompanied by irritating cough, and even spasmodic cough caused by vomiting array. some patients stimulation of illness after development, after a few hours to several hours after relief of symptoms of pulmonary edema. remission period with dizziness, weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, insomnia, there are completely asymptomatic, no abnormal chest X-ray examination . the length of remission and the inhalation of toxic volume. (2) of pulmonary edema: a chest pain and shortness of breath and other symptoms, cough, sputum lemon or pink. short of breath, pulse speed up, fever, auscultation, decreased breath sounds in both lungs and rough early, after a wet sound, may be associated with slow pulse, extrasystoles appeared, sweating, skin flushing, etc., ECG shows ST segment depression, T wave flat, white blood cell count and neutrophil more, X-ray brightness of the performance through the early stage of lower lung field and texture disorders, can occur late sizes, edge blur, nodular densities ranging from flocculent clouds or shadows, widely scattered in both lung fields, the lung field boundaries is not very clear. blood gas analysis often has severe hypoxemia. If rescue is not timely, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coma, or suffocation, even death. (3) recovery: the active and effective treatment , the vast majority of cases the condition can be improved, usually in about 5 d to basic recovery. X-ray performance improvement in a week or so, symptoms of about one to two months to fully recover. 5. Delayed obstructive bronchiolar the performance of pulmonary edema, inflammation and recovered in about two weeks, suddenly cough, chest tightness, progressive dyspnea, cyanosis evident, both lungs could be heard fine wet and dry tone or sound. X-ray showed bilateral lung covered miliary shadows. 6. complication early may have pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema; can occur late bronchiolitis, bronchial pneumonia, bronchiectasis, atelectasis, etc., a few can occur in patients with bronchial asthma. principles ( 1) The rapid and safe rescue the patient from the toxic site, the replacement of contaminated clothing, keep quiet, warm, oxygen, give symptomatic treatment, such as sedation, cough, relieve bronchospasm and maintain airway patency. (2) close observation: The close contacts, need to observe the 24 ~ 72 h, the observation period should be supine rest, note that condition changes, appropriate examination and symptomatic treatment. (3) to prevent and treat pulmonary edema: should be early enough to give corticosteroids. Note keep the airway open. may give 1% of dimethyl silicone oil defoaming spirit inhalation, each about 5 min, no more than 30 min. tracheotomy when necessary and positive pressure oxygen. (4) Application of oxygen free radical such as vitamin C, vitamin E, Q10, β-carotene, glutathione Dengjun choose to use. (5) symptomatic treatment: prevention of secondary infection, such as maintaining water and electrolyte balance. (6) on the sudden onset obstructive bronchiolitis, as soon as possible to use a large number of adrenal cortex hormones. Monitoring Method 1. Emergency Monitoring Methods portable gas chromatography. 2. monitoring methods Laboratory monitoring methods source categories hydrochloride air Xubo Hong naphthylethylenediamine spectrophotometry, Yan Huifang editor: 2002) 2. environmental standards for ozone-depleting August 29, 2009, the United States to a new study shows that this colorless gas with a sweet taste has become the first human emissions of ozone-depleting substances. U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, the researchers deduced using mathematical models, the human through the use of fertilizers, fossil fuel emissions to the atmosphere each year about 10 million tons of nitrous oxide, if humans do not take measures to limit their emissions, it will become the most devastating in the 21st century ozone-depleting substances. The researchers said that under the 1987 adoption of the and emission limits without the Protocol, and its destructive effects on the ozone layer has become increasingly evident. For the results of this study, 28 papers will be published in the latest issue of the U.S. Second, nitrogen is also a greenhouse gas,
air force 1 high, to limit the future if the emissions of nitrous oxide, not only will effectively speed up the Earth's ozone layer recovery, and also to mitigate climate change. ozone layer is from the Earth 25-30 km ozone molecules at the relatively rich Set the stratosphere. It can absorb more than 99% of harmful solar ultraviolet radiation on human beings, protecting life on Earth from UV damage, so the umbrella known as the Earth's biological. human activities have led to big the ozone layer over Antarctica area empty. term Atlas Atlas more extended reading: 1
Zhangxiu Jun. of greenhouse gases and global environmental change. Journal of Shenyang Institute of Education, Volume 3, 2001, IV.
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practical Chemical Dictionary
Open Category: chemistry, medicine, gas, oxides, greenhouse gases I have to improve the
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