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external credit rating (F4, G2)<br />1 The rating accorded to a bank of its exposure to risk. 2 The reliability of a country in servicing its external debt to banks and other countries.
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national income (EO)<br />1 The money value of the goods and services resulting from the economic activities of the residents of a country over a time period, usually of a quarter or whole year.<br /> 2 A monetary flow showing net additions to wealth.<br /> 3 The sum of FACfOR INCOMES.<br /> 4 The net national product (gross national product less depreciation) because income is a FLOW coNCEPT showing net additions to wealth over a time period. <br />Different countries have varying views on what constitutes 'an economic activity' so differ in what they include in their national income accounts. However, there is conceptual accord that national income, national product and national expenditure are identical because there is in every economy a CIRCULAR FLOW of income: an economic activity produces an output which, when sold, constitutes expenditure and creates incomes for the factors of production that have made it. The national income at market prices includes in the valuation of economic activities indirect taxes net of subsidies; the valuation at factor cost does not.<br /> Rough estimates of the national income were made as early as the seventeenth century by PETIY and Gregory King, but fairly accurate national income accounting is a product of the macroeconomic revolution in economic thinking in the 1930s: CLARK and STONE in the UK and KUZNETS in the USA laid the foundations for today's national accounting. International comparisons of different countries' national incomes should be treated with caution. Apart from different statistical conventions from country to country, there is also the problem of translating income estimates in one currency into those of another, often the US dollar. In general, measures of the national income usually exclude non-market activities, leisure and environmental social costs, making them inaccurate as measures of ECONOMIC WELFARE.<br /><em>See also:</em> accounts; European system of accounts; measure of economic welfare; National Income and Product Accounts; net economic welfare; physical quality of life; purchasing power parity; System of National Accounts <br /><em>Reference</em><br />Beckerman, W. (1966) International Comparisons of Real Income, Paris: OECD.<br /> - (1980) An Introduction to National Income Analysis, 3rd edn, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.<br /> Kravis, LB. (1978) International Comparisons of Real Product and Purchasing Power, Baltimore, MD: published for the World Bank by Johns Hopkins University Press.<br /> Shaikh, A.M. and Tonak, EA (1994) Measuring the wealth of nations: the political economy of national accounts, Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.<br /> United Nations International Comparison Project (1978) Phase II.
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marriage allowance (H2)<br />The additional tax relief given to married people to enable a spouse to be more easily supported; also known as marriage deduction.<br /><em>See also:</em> income-splitting system
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