Ground effect vehicles
ground-effect plane is the principle means of ground effect, close to the surface (or ground) to achieve high-speed navigation of the vehicle. Compared with the same displacement of the boat, because of its cruise phase of flight is not direct contact with the surface of the water, thereby greatly reducing the navigation resistance, increased cruise speed; compared with conventional aircraft, which carry the same weight and much higher than class of aircraft. Thus ground-effect craft, high-speed flight the aircraft and sea ships, the advantages of high load of perfectly bonded together in the water, took the occasion of day and sea-skimming plane flying low altitude gap.
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ground-effect principle of ground effect aircraft, ground effect aircraft applications that create a unique high-performance ground-effect plane load of high transport economics and high-speed, multi-state operating characteristics of aircraft with high seakeeping and fitness concealment of a good flight and penetration ability of the multi-purpose combat capability of the future development of technical barriers to efficient ground-effect plane principle is the use of aircraft to provide ground effect vehicles bearing force and flying. Its shape is somewhat similar with the seaplane, a large wing area, as close to the ground (or water) flight, the airflow under the wing surface,
skechers shoes, The lift-drag ratio, a phenomenon known as ground effect. And general aircraft (including seaplanes), compared with ground-effect aircraft lift large payloads and more, saving fuel and flight characteristics far; and high-speed hovercraft sea transport compared to the performance of their voyage and cruise speed are more superior. Ground-effect plane is between a boat and a new type of water between the conventional aircraft fast transport. TJ Kallio 1935 Finns developed the first aircraft into ground-effect plane, starting from the late 50's, the former Soviet Union started to develop large-scale military ground-effect aircraft, military equipment has been used,
shape ups skechers, published models are: 140-ton A · 90.150 To effectively apply many military experts predicted that the aircraft, ground-effect aircraft will become part of the modern three-dimensional warfare in the broad prospects for military applications, such as for land transport, anti-submarine and mine-laying missions. The use of both civilian prospects are very broad, such as for sea and river rapid transit, sea conditions reconnaissance, water rescue and so on. September 1991, Russia announced the first ten years of secrecy A.90.150 . The picture shows the Found in ground effect as early as the early development of the aviation industry, pilots found the aircraft (especially the small aspect ratio, under the wing, wide wingspan of the aircraft) in the landing process, when the flying height and aircraft similar chord, it will appears an additional lift, the aircraft suddenly felt flattered, not easy to complete the landing, and this is the role of the so-called ground effect. Initially, people found that this phenomenon does not understand the characteristics of this additional lift, nor to specifically study how to apply this additional lift, simply give it an Until after the induction of resistance theory, it was clear the substance of this phenomenon and to carry out a more scientific classification, and dubbed The so-called ground-effect vehicle ground or water because the presence of interference, aircraft lifting surface (usually the wing) and downwash are blocked, the ground or water and air between the aircraft lifting surface by compression, the wing following pressure increases, which increases the wing lift, while reducing the resistance (ie the wing induced drag due to changes in the conditions of air flow decreases) of the two kinds of aerodynamic characteristics. Manufacture of ground-effect plane later, people continue to understand the process, developed a ground effect provided by the supporting force and flying aircraft, and hovercraft is different is that it must have forward speed to generate the role of ground effect, so it called the dynamic air-cushion WIG (boats). Ground effect vehicles have been called Ground effect from the discovery of human phenomena,
skechers shoes online, instead considering how to apply this additional lift. From 1897, the French pioneer in ground effect flight test so far, human-to-ground effect vehicles test the theory research and practice have been a century of history. But due to various factors, many countries in the field's achievements far less in terms of water and air vehicles so obvious now to beat in this regard is Russia. Russian experts have been through decades of arduous efforts, has solved the aircraft in ground effect aerodynamics, structural strength, safety and reliability issues and the corresponding use of structural materials, engines and airborne equipment of the security problems and successfully developed a number of disclosures in recent years was only gradually with various uses of the ground effect aircraft, the world of the performance characteristics of ground effect vehicles have a more comprehensive understanding, but also caused widespread interest in many economically developed countries . Bearer of a unique high performance and high speed ground effect vehicle weight carrying capacity of up to 50%, while the famous Boeing 747 carrying capacity of only 20% of its weight; it can be sailed completely out of the water or ground, to overcome the resistance Only water, 1 / 800, so the flight speed higher than the average boat speed 9-14 times faster than most high-speed boat 2-4 times. High transport aircraft, compared with the economy, passenger ground effect vehicle fuel consumption is basically flat kilometers modern advanced airplanes, but it does not like to invest in large aircraft must take off the runway, while the board itself has some climbing Compared with the marine shore to allow cargo load per kilogram of ground effect vehicles to 500 km / hour speed delivery of 5,000 kilometers of conventional ship transportation costs equal to only 40 km / h speed of the transport cost, that is 0.3-0.4 U.S. dollars and than 900 km / h speed of the transportation costs of the aircraft is less than half. Multi-state operating characteristics of aircraft ground effect vehicles generally have low water navigation, navigation in the state and high-speed air navigation and other features from the water. High seakeeping and seaworthiness of the ground effect air cushion vehicle with increased power upgrade technology, mostly in the three sea conditions can smoothly take off and land, less than 3 meters in wave height safe and stable sailing cruise. Amphibious aircraft of ground effect not only on the water, ice,
shape up shoes, snow, low sweep line, and has some climbing, landing capabilities, it is not terminal conditions and environment in the channel can be quickly transported people and goods beach. Good penetration capability hidden and are usually affixed to the surface effect vehicles or ground high-speed swept-line, so in general are in the radar shadow of the enemy, it is difficult to be found. Even if they are found, it can also be set to avoid enemy air defense weapons, or land-based interceptors, a strong penetration ability. Strong ability to effectively combat aircraft than the existing missile boats faster, better mobility, can use its high speed and penetration ability of effective attacks on enemy ships,
shape up skechers, while the enemy's mines, torpedoes would not constitute their threat. Versatility in the military field, ground effect vehicles than can be used to attack enemy ships and the implementation of the landing operations, but also to transport weapons and equipment used to perform, rapid laying of mines, mine clearance and other tasks, but also for the naval forces to provide emergency medical care. In civilian areas, ground effect vehicles not only for passenger and cargo transport, can also be used for resource exploration, search and rescue, tourism, ocean-going vessels and drilling platforms for members of the transport, communications security and mail and so on. Despite the technical obstacles to efficient use of aircraft prospects, but so far, there are many technical obstacles to development. First, ground-effect vehicle design theory is not mature. With conventional aircraft designs, such as in-flight aircraft, not only by the impact of ground effect, but also by the sea, the waves of the many random factors, most of the entire voyage, flying in a non-steady state aerodynamic theory very complex, especially for aircraft control and operating stability characteristics of the design of control surfaces a great deal of difficulty, so that the vehicle's design relies heavily on the actual wind tunnel tests and sea trials the water, not only time-consuming and costly, but also difficult to obtain general laws . In addition, the vehicle should always into the atmosphere from the surface of the water, but also from the atmosphere into the water, and the alternate use of two media would result in particularly large impact on the body load (as we are not careful when diving may be affected by the same),
skechers shape up shoes, and to be strongly aircraft aerodynamic disturbance, resulting in turn, strong turbulence, severe damage to body structure will be broken wings, fuselage and so on. Future development of the ground effect aircraft engine design must also be given special consideration, because it uses the media is neither pure air, not pure water, but contains a lot of water vapor in the air, flying in the paste are exposed to sea spray, in the paste to the ground floor when the inhalation of gravel and debris. Selection of aircraft is a major problem, both to be able to withstand shock and vibration sea, but also ability to seawater corrosion both strong enough, can not too heavy, there should be a better resistance to stress fatigue. There is a lot of unknown or uncertain than the safety and comfort of a great threat to the factors, the design of a ground effect vehicle is a big challenge, but can be confident that with the rapid development of modern science and technology, these problems will be resolved one by one. Atlas Atlas entry for more extended reading: 1
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