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Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich, 1911-77 (B3)<br />UK economist and prophet who was born in Bonn and educated at Berlin, Bonn, Oxford and Columbia Universities. When he was interned in the UK in 1940-5, he worked first as an agricultural labourer and then at the Oxford Institute of Statistics on the problem of a new INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM, which he discussed with KEYNES. He was naturalized British at the end of the war so that he could become a member (1946-50) of the British section of the Control Commission in Germany. From 1950 to 1970 he was economic adviser and subsequently Director of Statistics to the National Coal Board. His increasing interest in Buddhism gave his economics a distinctively ecological character and prompted his appointment as economic adviser to the government of Burma. He was the princi- pal proponent of INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY and of self-help to solve the rural poverty problems of less developed countries. His famous attack on materialism and consumerism was in his immensely popular set of essays Small is Beautiful; as its subtitle A Study of Economics as if People Mattered claimed, there can be an economics based on humanitarian considerations.<br /> <br /><em>Reference</em><br />Schumacher, E. F. (1973) Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered, London: Blond & Briggs.<br /> Wood, B. (1984) Alias Papa: A Life of Fritz Schumacher, London: Jonathan Cape.
<strong>Disbursement date</strong> – The date loan funds are issued to the school or escrow agent. For a paper check, the disbursement date is the date the check is issued. For an electronic funds transfer via ACH or wire, the disbursement date is the date the funds are transferred from the lender to the school or escrow agent. (Note: under limited circumstances, a lender may also issue funds directly to the borrower.)
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<strong>MOHELA</strong> – Missouri Higher Education Loan Authority, Missouri' s designated FFELP secondary market. MOHELA, a non-profit quasi-governmental entity, originates, disburses, services, and purchases FFELP and private loans. Additionally, MOHELA provides Missouri students with significant repayment benefits, including deeply discounted interest rates when the MDHE is the guarantor. MOHELA was created more than 20 years ago and is headquartered in Chesterfield, Missouri. May be found on the world wide web at
www.mohela.org.
economic planning (D2, Ll, 02, P2)<br />The allocation of economic resources and the determination of production on the basis of a plan; the alternative to allocation by markets. The Soviet plans of the 1930s were the first major attempts to organize entire national economies according to this method. In the post-war period, French INDICATIVE PLANNING also attracted much attention. Governments also use planning for aspects of their economies, particularly for regional development and major investment. Since planning essentially commits a government to a future course of action, it can lead to many inflexibilities, including a slow reaction to change, especially in the foreign trade sector. As planners rely greatly on economic FORECASTING the difficulties of modelling complex economies can make the quality of their plans suffer. Also planning necessitates much bureaucracy, which is both costly and often opposed to entrepreneurship. Increasingly planning in countries such as Hungary allowed the reintroduction of market mechanisms for small-scale production. At the beginning of the twenty-first century there is little enthusiasm for the revival of large-scale national planning.<br /><em>See also:</em> centrally planned economy; development <br /><em>Reference</em><br />Cave, M. and Hare, P.G. (1981) Alternative Approaches to Economic Planning, London: Macmillan.
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